Tecnicamente, você poderia, mas não em todos os estados. Do site da Imigração e Alfândega dos EUA :
Who is eligible for a driver’s license or ID?
Any F, M or J nonimmigrant in lawful status may apply for a driver’s license or ID card, per state or territorial law. The nonimmigrant must present necessary supporting documents required to verify legal presence in the United States. For a list of required documents, see What documentation must a nonimmigrant present to the DMV? [...]
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When can a nonimmigrant apply for a driver’s license or ID?
Please be aware of the following timing requirements before applying for a driver’s license or ID:
The Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS) record must be in Active status when an F, M or J nonimmigrant applies for a benefit. A nonimmigrant with a record in any other status will not have success applying for a benefit.
Wait at least ten calendar days from the date of entry into the United States before applying for a driver’s license or ID to allow time for arrival data processing. [...]
Wait at least two federal business days from the activation date in SEVIS to apply for a driver’s license or ID to ensure that the nonimmigrant’s Active status updates in all relevant databases.
Several states require that a nonimmigrant have at least six months left on the Form I-20, “Certificate of Eligibility for Nonimmigrant Student Status,” or Form DS-2019, “Certificate of Eligibility for Exchange Visitor (J-1) Status,” to be eligible for a driver’s license. Either consult with the state or territory’s DMV or visit its website to see if this is a requirement.
No seu caso, até o último ponto: você precisa de pelo menos 6 meses de permanência no seu visto no estado em que mora?
EDITAR: Para descobrir se você precisa da validade de 6 meses no seu visto, basta entrar em contato com o DMV local ou ligar para o Departamento de Estado dos Serviços de Condutores da IL:
- Springfield: 217-782-6212
- Chicago: 312-814-2975
Anecdotalmente, este fórum postagens alude que você faça precisa da validade de 6 meses.