Qual foi o primeiro mundo / universo de fantasia sem vínculos do mundo real?

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Parece haver agora um método de construção de mundo bastante comum para estabelecer trabalhos de fantasia em universos independentes, completamente separados (pelo menos explicitamente) de nosso próprio mundo, por exemplo. Canção de Gelo e Fogo , ou Cosmere de Sanderson, etc.

Eu pensava anteriormente que a primeira configuração de fantasia para fazer isso era talvez a Terra Média, mas de acordo com esta resposta: É a Terra-média de Tolkien em nosso Universo? É a mesma Terra que a nossa, apenas com sua história imaginada de forma diferente.

Qual foi o primeiro cenário de fantasia completamente definido sem qualquer ligação aparente ao nosso próprio universo / mundo? (Sem quadros de sonhos, armários de Nárnia, histórias "alternativas" ou futuros hipotéticos, ou reinos / ilhas / terras escondidos / distantes.)

    
por TVann 11.09.2018 / 21:21

9 respostas

1884: Flatland: Um Romance de Muitas Dimensões , um romance de Edwin Abbott Abbott escrito como "A Square", disponível em Project Gutenberg .

Resumo da trama da Wikipédia :

The story describes a two-dimensional world occupied by geometric figures, whereof women are simple line-segments, while men are polygons with various numbers of sides. The narrator is a square named A Square, a member of the caste of gentlemen and professionals, who guides the readers through some of the implications of life in two dimensions. The first half of the story goes through the practicalities of existing in a two-dimensional universe as well as a history leading up to the year 1999 on the eve of the 3rd Millennium.

On New Year's Eve, the Square dreams about a visit to a one-dimensional world (Lineland) inhabited by "lustrous points". These points are unable to see the Square as anything other than a set of points on a line. Thus, the Square attempts to convince the realm's monarch of a second dimension; but is unable to do so. In the end, the monarch of Lineland tries to kill A Square rather than tolerate his nonsense any further.

Following this vision, he is himself visited by a three-dimensional sphere named A Sphere. Similar to the "points" in Lineland, the Square is unable to see the sphere as anything other than a circle. The Sphere then levitates up and down through the Flatland, allowing Square to see the circle expand and retract. The Square is not fully convinced until he sees Spaceland (a tridimensional world) for himself. This Sphere visits Flatland at the turn of each millennium to introduce a new apostle to the idea of a third dimension in the hopes of eventually educating the population of Flatland. From the safety of Spaceland, they are able to observe the leaders of Flatland secretly acknowledging the existence of the sphere and prescribing the silencing of anyone found preaching the truth of Spaceland and the third dimension. After this proclamation is made, many witnesses are massacred or imprisoned (according to caste), including A Square's brother, B.

After the Square's mind is opened to new dimensions, he tries to convince the Sphere of the theoretical possibility of the existence of a fourth (and fifth, and sixth ...) spatial dimension; but the Sphere returns his student to Flatland in disgrace.

The Square then has a dream in which the Sphere visits him again, this time to introduce him to Pointland, whereof the point (sole inhabitant, monarch, and universe in one) perceives any communication as a thought originating in his own mind (cf. Solipsism):

"You see," said my Teacher, "how little your words have done. So far as the Monarch understands them at all, he accepts them as his own – for he cannot conceive of any other except himself – and plumes himself upon the variety of Its Thought as an instance of creative Power. Let us leave this god of Pointland to the ignorant fruition of his omnipresence and omniscience: nothing that you or I can do can rescue him from his self-satisfaction."

— the Sphere

     O Quadrado reconhece a identidade da ignorância dos monarcas de Pointland e Lineland com sua própria (e da esfera) ignorância anterior da existência de dimensões superiores. Uma vez devolvido a Flatland, o Square não pode convencer ninguém da existência de Spaceland, especialmente depois que os decretos oficiais são anunciados que qualquer um que pregue a existência de três dimensões será preso (ou executado, dependendo da casta). Por fim, o próprio Square é preso exatamente por esse motivo, com apenas um contato ocasional com seu irmão que está preso na mesma instalação. Ele não consegue convencer seu irmão, mesmo depois de tudo o que ambos viram. Sete anos depois de ser preso, A Square escreve o livro Flatland na forma de um livro de memórias, esperando mantê-lo como posteridade para uma geração futura que pode ver além de sua existência bidimensional.

    
12.09.2018 / 02:06

O Fairie Queene de Edmund Spencer, ambientado em uma mágica “Terra de Fadas”, foi publicado em 1590.

Embora o cenário seja uma representação alegórica da Inglaterra, dentro da ficção da obra é seu próprio reino mágico.

    
12.09.2018 / 09:50

Para começar, vou nomear a novela 1939 "Two Sought Adventure" (mais tarde revisada como "The Jewels in the Forest" na coleção Swords Against Death ), que foi a primeira história publicada de Fafhrd e o Gray Mouser e é ambientada no mundo fictício de Nehwon.

Possível fator atenuante: em 1968 As Espadas de Lankhmar estabeleceram que Nehwon é definido em um multiverso e que nosso mundo é (pelo menos possivelmente) um desses outros universos. No entanto, não está claro para mim se isso fazia parte da concepção original (em 1936) do cenário.

Um pouco mais especulativo, eu também vou nomear o 1896 O Well at World's End por William Morris (não confundir com o romance mais recente de mesmo nome, de Neil Gunn, que foi ambientado na Escócia). A Wikipedia não deixa claro o cenário do romance de Morris, mas, de acordo com a Amazon, ele é ambientado em um mundo mítico. [Parece estar disponível no Project Gutenberg, então vou ver se posso conferir no fim de semana e atualizar minha resposta, de uma forma ou de outra, de acordo.]

A Wikipédia menciona alguns outros principais trabalhos de fantasia do início da era moderna , mas nenhum dos outros parece atender aos seus critérios.

    
11.09.2018 / 21:54

Um dos primeiros exemplos pode ser A Princesa e o Goblin (1872), de George MacDonald. Foi provavelmente o romance de fantasia mais conhecido em inglês para crianças antes da publicação de O Hobbit , embora sua fama tenha diminuído muito desde o início do século XX. Está disponível no Project Gutenberg.

O resumo da trama, por Wikipedia :

Eight-year-old Princess Irene lives a lonely life in a castle in a wild, desolate, mountainous kingdom, with only her nursemaid, Lootie, for company. Her father, the king, is normally absent, and her mother is dead. Unknown to her, the nearby mines are inhabited by a race of goblins, long banished from the kingdom and now anxious to take revenge on their human neighbours. One rainy day, the princess explores the castle and discovers a beautiful, mysterious lady, who identifies herself as Irene's namesake and great-great-grandmother. The next day, Princess Irene persuades her nursemaid to take her outside. After dark they are chased by goblins and rescued by the young miner, Curdie, whom Irene befriends. At work with the rest of the miners, Curdie overhears the goblins talking, and their conversation reveals to Curdie the secret weakness of goblin anatomy: they have very soft, vulnerable feet. Curdie sneaks into the Great Hall of the goblin palace to eavesdrop on their general meeting, and hears that the goblins intend to flood the mine if a certain other part of their plan should fail. He later conveys this news to his father. In the palace, Princess Irene injures her hand, which her great-great-grandmother heals. A week later Irene is about to see her great-great-grandmother again, but is frightened by a long-legged cat and escapes up the mountain; whereupon the light from her great-great-grandmother's tower leads her home, where her great-great-grandmother gives Irene a ring attached to a thread invisible except to herself, which thereafter connects her constantly to home.

When Curdie explores the goblins' domain, he is discovered by the goblins and stamps on their feet with great success; but when he tries to stamp on the Queen's feet she is uninjured due to her stone shoes. The goblins imprison Curdie, thinking he will die of starvation; but Irene's magic thread leads her to his rescue, and Curdie steals one of the goblin queen's stone shoes. Irene takes Curdie to see her great-great-grandmother and be introduced; but she is only visible to Irene. Curdie later learns that the goblins are digging a tunnel in the mines towards the king's palace, where they plan to abduct the Princess and marry her to goblin prince Harelip. Curdie warns the palace guards about this, but is imprisoned instead and contracts a fever through a wound in his leg, until Irene's great-great-grandmother heals the wound. Meanwhile, the goblins break through the palace floor and come to abduct the princess; but Curdie escapes from his prison room and stamps on the goblins' feet. Upon the goblins' retreat, Irene is believed a captive; but Curdie follows the magic thread to her refuge at his own house, and restores her to the king. When the goblins flood the mines, the water enters the palace, and Curdie warns the others; but the goblins are drowned. The king asks him to serve as a bodyguard; but Curdie refuses, saying he cannot leave his mother and father, and instead accepts a new red petticoat for his mother, as a reward.

Eu não me lembro de nenhuma referência no livro a nada sobre o mundo real, embora eu não tenha me debruçado sobre o texto para ter certeza desse fato.

    
12.09.2018 / 05:59

"Um novo país das maravilhas, sendo a primeira conta já impressa do belo vale, e as maravilhosas aventuras de seus habitantes" por L. Frank Baum foi publicado em 1899 e foi republicado em 1903 como "O Monarca Mágico de Mo". O primeiro capítulo começa com Baum explicando aos leitores o que o Mo é e onde ele está localizado:

But I can not find the Valley of Mo in any geography I have examined; so I suspect the men who made these instructive books really know nothing about Mo, else it would surely be on the maps.

Não parece haver nenhuma conexão com o mundo real desta terra de fadas em particular, e Mo não está conectado a nenhum outro mundo de fantasia de Baum.

    
11.09.2018 / 23:51

Uma possível resposta é A Rosa e o Anel (1854), de William Makepeace Thackeray ( disponível em Project Gutenberg - outro dos primeiros mil livros do site. Como o Flatland de Edwin Abbott Abbott, o mundo de fantasia da história está lá tanto para permitir os elementos de sátira social da história quanto para contar uma história interessante.

O que torna discutível se isso se qualifica como independente da Terra do mundo real é que muitos dos nomes próprios da história são baseados em nomes reais do Mediterrâneo oriental e do Oriente Próximo. Por exemplo, um dos principais reinos da história é chamado de "Crim Tartary", que obviamente foi inspirado na pátria do mundo real dos tártaros da Criméia (um local que provavelmente estava na mente de Thackeray e seus leitores por causa da contínua Guerra da Criméia).

Por Wikipédia :

The plot opens on the royal family of Paflagonia eating breakfast together: King Valoroso, his wife, the Queen, and their daughter, Princess Angelica. Through the course of the meal it is discovered that Prince Bulbo, heir to the neighbouring kingdom of Crim Tartary, and son of King Padella is coming to visit Paflagonia. It is also discovered, after the two females have left the table, that King Valoroso stole his crown, and all his wealth, from his nephew, Prince Giglio, when the prince was an infant.

Prince Giglio and Princess Angelica have been brought up together very closely, Princess Angelica being considered the most beautiful and wisest girl in the kingdom and Giglio being much overlooked in the household. Giglio, besotted with his cousin, has given her a ring belonging to his mother, which, unknown to them, was given to her by the Fairy Blackstick and which held the power to make the wearer beautiful to everyone who beheld them. After an argument with Giglio, about the arrival of the long-awaited Prince Bulbo, Angelica throws the ring out of the window and can be seen for her own, less attractive self.

Prince Bulbo, in his turn, possesses a magic rose, with the same power as the ring and coming from the same source: the Fairy Blackstick. Upon his arrival, this causes Angelica to be madly in love with him.

Angelica's governess, Countess Gruffanuff, finds the magic ring in the garden and, whilst wearing it, convinces Giglio to sign a paper swearing to marry her. She then gives the ring to Angelica's maid, Betsinda, an orphan discovered by the family with a torn cloak in her possession. The maid, however, is actually Rosalba, the only child of the true king of Crim Tartary. When Betsinda wears the ring to take the warming pan around the bedrooms, Princes Bulbo and Giglio immediately fall in love with her, along with King Valoroso. This excites the rage of The Queen, Angelica and Gruffanuff, and causes Betsinda to be driven from the house.

In response to Giglio's rudeness, Valoroso orders him to be executed, but his Captain of the Guards, Count Kutasoff Hedzoff, takes Bulbo to the scaffold instead, where he is reprieved at the last moment by Angelica, who takes his rose, returns to her former beauty and marries him.

Giglio is forced to flee and, with some help from The Fairy Blackstick, disguises himself as a student. In the meantime Rosalba has returned to Crim Tartary and discovered her heritage by means of the torn cloak, which is reunited with its other half to make the words "Princess Rosalba". King Padella, after his offer of marriage is refused, orders Rosalba to be thrown to the lions. Giglio, upon hearing this, takes back his throne in Paflagonia and leads his army to rescue Rosalba, using the captured Bulbo as a hostage.

When Padella refuses the exchange, Giglio decides that he had better keep his word and put Bulbo to death as threatened. However, the lions set upon Rosalba happen to be exactly the same lions which she grew up with in the wild, prior to being found by Princess Angelica, and carry her on their backs to Giglio's camp, where the pair are reunited.

Giglio and Rosalba return to Paflagonia along with Bulbo, now wearing the fairy ring. When they sit down to breakfast on their wedding day, Gruffanuff produces the paper pledging Giglio to herself. Wishing to put him in his place for his earlier arrogance, the Fairy Blackstick refuses to help at first and Giglio is forced to take Gruffanuff to the church in Rosalba's place. However, when they reach the building, The Fairy Blackstick transforms the doorknocker back into Gruffanuff's real husband, long believed dead after being bewitched by the fairy herself many years before. Giglio and Rosalba are then free to marry and do so. The Fairy Blackstick then leaves, never to be heard of again.

    
12.09.2018 / 06:13

Eu posso estar errado, mas acredito que pelo menos a maioria das histórias do Dr. Seuss não se refere a nenhum país real em nosso mundo e é de fato um mundo fechado com seus próprios países, reinos, flora e fauna.

De acordo com a página de Wikipedia da Bibliografia do Dr. Seuss , Os 500 Chapéus de Bartholomew Cubbins (1938) poderiam ser um de suas primeiras histórias acontecendo em um mundo fictício. E Horton Hatches the Egg (1940) apresenta personagens que aparecem em trabalhos posteriores, muitos deles compartilhando o mesmo universo.

    
13.09.2018 / 00:32

Um romance de fantasia antigo, ambientado em um mundo imaginário, é The Wood Beyond the World (1894) por William Morris, a quem L. Sprague de Camp descreve como "talvez o primeiro escritor de fantasia moderno a unir um mundo imaginário com o elemento do sobrenatural e, portanto, o precursor de grande parte da literatura de fantasia atual". É considerado uma grande influência em Tolkien. Eu me lembro claramente de que isso não acontece no mundo real; até mesmo o lugar de onde o herói viaja ("uma grande e boa cidade à beira-mar que teve que nomear Langton em Holm") é não-Terra. Wikipedia resume o enredo:

When the wife of Golden Walter betrays him for another man, he leaves home on a trading voyage to avoid the necessity of a feud with her family. However, his efforts are fruitless, as word comes to him en route that his wife's clan has killed his father. As a storm then carries him to a faraway country, the effect of this news is merely to sunder his last ties to his homeland. Walter comes to the castle of an enchantress, from which he rescues a captive maiden in a harrowing adventure (or rather, she rescues him). They flee through a region inhabited by mini-giants, and eventually reach the city of Stark-wall, whose custom, when the throne is vacant, is to take the next foreigner to arrive as ruler. The late king having died, Walter and his new love are hailed as the new monarchs. The two are married and presumably live happily ever after.


O romance está disponível gratuitamente no Projeto Gutenberg em vários formatos.

    
13.09.2018 / 10:46

Eu gostaria de colocar o nome do Autor Francês Charles Perralt no ringue, com seu Histórias ou contos do tempo passam Contos de Mamãe Ganso , contendo versões originais de contos de fadas modernos como " Chapeuzinho Vermelho ", " A Bela Adormecida " e " Cinderela ".

Les contes contains tales that are well-known, have retained their popularity since publication, and have been repeatedly modified since the late 17th century.2 The volume achieved considerable success with eight reprints in Perrault's lifetime. With Louis XIV's death at the beginning of the 18th century the lifestyle of the précieuse faded, as did the popularity of the literary salons and the fairy tales at the beginning of the Age of Enlightenment. Perrault's tales, however, continued to be sought after with four editions published in that century.

Estas obras foram contadas pelo campesinato francês já no século 10, e foram colocadas em uma forma escrita em 1697 depois que Charles Perrault perdeu seu emprego como secretário. Note, muitos dos trabalhos de Perrault foram limpos para a novelização de um estilo de conversação escrito anteriormente no mesmo ano por Marie-Catherine Le Jumel de Barneville , Baronesa d'Aulnoy em seu salão livro Les Contes des Fées

Unlike the folk tales of the Grimm Brothers, who were born some 135 years later than d'Aulnoy, she told her stories in a more conversational style, as they might be told in salons.

Encontrar informações sobre contos de fadas escritos durante este tempo é difícil de identificar no entanto. A distinção está na forma da escrita, sendo a novelização mais proeminente:

The stories written for the 1697 edition were "The Sleeping Beauty", "Little Red Riding Hood", "Bluebeard", "The Master Cat, or Puss in Boots", "Cinderella", "Riquet with the Tuft", "Hop o' My Thumb", "Griselidis" (La Patience de Grisélidis), "The Ridiculous Wishes" (Les Souhaits ridicules), "Donkeyskin" (Peau d'Ane) and "Diamonds and Toads" (Les Fées). Eight were newly written prose stories and three were stories previously written in verse. Each story ended with a rhymed, well-defined and cynical moral Moralitè. Three were published earlier in the literary magazine Mercure galant: "Griselidis" and "Suhait" in 1693, and "Sleeping Beauty" in 1696. Others may have been published in additional literary magazines, however it is unknown whether they appeared in the magazines before the book's publications or whether they were later pirated editions.

    
13.09.2018 / 23:33