As séries “The Matrix” e “Ghost in the shell: Standalone Complex” são baseadas em “Simulacra and Simulation”?

Eu não posso falar com Ghost in the Shell , mas é extremamente provável que The Matrix , pelo menos, tenha sido influenciado por "Simulacra and Simulation"; o filme está intimamente associado a esse livro:

• Uma cópia do livro faz uma breve aparição no primeiro filme da série, como o recipiente oco onde Neo mantém seus programas hackeados:

  

• Um rascunho de 1996 do roteiro explicitamente chama Baudrillard momentos antes de citar seu livro:

  Morpheus: This is the Chicago you know. Chicago as it was at the end of the twentieth century. This Chicago exists only as part of a neural-interactive simulation that we call the Matrix.

  We GLIDE AT the television as he changes the channel.

  Morhpeus: You have been living inside Baulliaurd's [sic] vision, inside the map, not the territory. This is Chicago as it exists today.

  The sky is an endless sea of black and green bile. The earth, scorched and split like burnt flesh, spreads out beneath us as we ENTER the television.

  Morpheus: 'The desert of the real.'

  E no roteiro de filmagem de 1998 (link do PDF), temos duas mensagens:

  1. A imagem do meu primeiro ponto de marcador:

     [Neo] closes the door. On the floor near his bed is a book Baudrillard's Simulacra and Simulations. The book has been hollowed out and inside are several computer disks.

  2. Outra versão da cena citada acima:

     Morpheus: This is the world you know. The world as it was at the end of the Twentieth Century. It exists now only as part of a neural-interactive simulation that we call the Matrix.

     He changes the channel and we see a very different city as we enter the television.

     Morpheus: You have been living inside a dreamworld, Neo. As in Baudrillard's vision, your whole life has been spent inside the map, not the territory. This is the world as it exists today.

     In the distance, we see the ruins of a future city protruding from the wasteland like the blackened ribs of a long-dead corpse.

     Morpheus: 'The desert of the real.'

• Muitas fontes afirmam que foi necessário ler no set;

  1. Um artigo de 2003 em < em> O New York Times :

     This is why Mr. Baudrillard's book "Simulacra and Simulation" is so closely associated with [The Matrix] (some cast members were asked to read the book, which Morpheus, the rebel leader, also quotes).

  2. Artigo de 2007 da Inside Higher Ed (grifo meu):

     A segment on National Public Radio included a short clip from [The Matrix] soundtrack in which Lawrence Fishburn’s character Morpheus intones the Baudrillard catchphrase, “Welcome to the desert of the real.” The cover of Simulacra and Simulation -- in some ways his quintessential theoretical text, first published in a complete English translation by the University of Michigan in 1994 -- is shown in the first film. Furthermore, the Wachowski brothers, who wrote and directed the trilogy, made the book required reading for all the actors, including Keanu Reeves.

  3. Uma entrevista sem data ( clipe no YouTube de 2010 ) com Keanu Reeves:

                                  

     Transcrição:

     Reeves: [...] said "Okay, we'd like you to play Thomas Anderson; Neo." I had to read Baudrillard; I had to read "Out of Control", which is about systems evolution, robots; and then there was another book which was... "Evolutionary Psychology". Those were three books that they wanted me to read before I even opened up the script.

  4. Uma entrevista em 2000 com < em> Rolling Stone :

     The film's directors, Larry and Andy Wachowski, said they were looking for a maniac who would do what they needed: "And," Larry said, "Keanu was our maniac." They gave him some books to read: The Moral Animal, about evolutionary psychology; Simulacra and Simulation, by Jean Baudrillard ("Oh, it's fun! It's fun!" says Reeves); and Kevin Kelly's Out of Control, a book about machines and social systems. "They just said, 'Go read, go read, go see what it does,'" says Reeves. "I think they gave me the phenomenal world, the internal words and the simulations that occurred in that."

O Ghost in the Shell é baseado não apenas no Simulacra e Simulação, mas em vários outros Obras e idéias filosóficas, especialmente, o conceito de iterabilidade de Jacques Derrida. "Para Derrida, a iterabilidade não significa simplesmente repetição como em 'reiteração'; em vez disso, toda iteração é uma alteração ou uma modificação do mesmo. Ao mesmo tempo, a iteração depende de um remanescente mínimo e da ilusão de uma identidade do mesmo para que a repetição possa ser reconhecida em primeiro lugar. A iteração introduz novos contextos e variedade na constituição da mesma. " Com isso dito, observe que a figura ambígua do Homem que Ri, que aparece ao longo da série, ilustra a aporia presente em todos os atos performativos. O homem que ri, uma figura singular, pode ser apropriada pelo processo de iterabilidade e alcançar um status memético além da propriedade do original - assumindo, é claro, que é correto falar de um original.

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