Sim, você pode, no site oficial do Ministério Italiano dos Negocios Estrangeiros :
Is it possible to apply for or renew my Italian passport at a consulate where I am not a resident? Yes, but in that case it is necessary to obtain a clearance (nulla osta) from: the police (Questura) where you are a resident for citizens residing in Italy, and authorised consulate for citizens residing in other consular jurisdictions.