According to W.O.M.B.A.T., in order for portkeys to be arranged between countries, the consent of both Nations's Ministries of Magic may be required. (sourced from Wikia)
Como tal, você pode viajar claramente por longas distâncias. Entre os usos conhecidos:
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France to Burrow (implícito, há uma chance de não ser um transporte direto)
Mr. Weasley had therefore gone to meet the Delacours on top of a nearby hill, where they were to arrive by Portkey (DH - Ch 6, "The Ghoul In Pajamas").
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Godric's Hollow para algum lugar na Europa (onde quer que a casa de Grindelwald tenha sido)
“It was poor little Ariana dying, I think, that did it,” says Bathilda. “It came as an awful shock. Gellert was there in the house when it happened, and he came back to my house all of a dither, told me he wanted to go home the next day. Terribly distressed, you know. So I arranged a Portkey and that was the last I saw of him (DH - Ch. 19, The Life and Lies of Albus Dumbledore.
Eu não consegui encontrar informação canônica além disso, nos livros, Pottermore ou entrevistas (ou Wikia:).