Você está certo em primeira instância, Harry não conseguiu recuperar o livro.
Todos são grandes e menores 7º spoilers de livros
And so it burned (as well everything in the room) when Crabbe casted Fiendfyre inside the room in The Deathly Hallows.
Como você pode ver aqui:
"I know what the diadem looks like, and I know where it is,” said Harry, talking fast. “He hid it exactly where I hid my old Potions book, where everyone’s been hiding stuff for centuries. He thought he was the only one to find it. Come on."
e depois:
There it was, right ahead, the blistered old cupboard in which he had hidden his old Potions book, and on top of it, the pockmarked stone warlock wearing a dusty old wig and what looked like an ancient, discolored tiara.