Although I don't believe it's ever explicitly stated, I think it's clear that the purpose is to give Sauron's name an air of mystique among his servants, thus instilling a greater fear of Sauron himself.
Consider the language that the Orcs in the service of Sauron use to describe the people above them in the hierarchy:
'Whose blame's that?' said the soldier. 'Not mine. That comes from
Higher Up.
The Return of the King
Ou:
'I'm not going down those stairs again,' growled Snaga, 'be you
captain or no. Nar! Keep your hands off your knife, or I'll put an
arrow in your guts. You won't be a captain long when They hear about
all these goings-on. I've fought for the Tower against those stinking
Morgul-rats, but a nice mess you two precious captains have made of
things, fighting over the swag.'
The Return of the King
"Higher Up," "They," "The Tower." By forcing his servants to use this vague language, Sauron is positioned as being so far above them that to challenge him would be unthinkable. If they were using his name constantly, they'd think of him as a person who could be challenged, not as a fixed, unchangeable System.
Note that this is common in fiction: for instance, in Harry Potter, Lord Voldemort intentionally sought to have his chosen name be feared, and certainly didn't permit his followers to use it. Arguably, this is the actual reason one is not permitted to say the name of God in various traditions, too: it would make God seem less divine and more mundane. This is another advantage of forbidding the use of his name: Sauron positions himself as a god. Only his expressly permitted emissary, or metaphorically his priest, can use his name. Indeed, if we consider Tolkien's Catholicism, Eru is perhaps literally the Christian God, and as such Eru's name is supposed to be treated with respect. By adopting this strategy for himself, Sauron mocks the power of Eru and the Valar.
In any case, Sauron wanted his name to be feared by the people of Middle Earth. I think he would have found a wicked-sounding name pleasing for this reason; indeed, it's very much in keeping with Tolkien's view of evil and corruption that someone would start off doing evil for good reasons, and end up embracing their evil reputation.
I think we can discard the alternative notion that Sauron objected to his name, and forbade its use for that reason. If that had been the case, he certainly wouldn't have ordered or even permitted his official spokesperson, the Mouth of Sauron, to use his name when addressing his enemies, and morever call him "Sauron the Great."
'These are the terms,' said the Messenger, and smiled as he eyed them
one by one. 'The rabble of Gondor and its deluded allies shall
withdraw at once beyond the Anduin, first taking oaths never again to
assail Sauron the Great in arms, open or secret. All lands east of
Anduin shall be Sauron's for ever, solely.
The Return of the King
Surely the Mouth could have referred to Sauron obliquely, as "My Lord" (or "The Lord of the Rings") or "The Master of the Tower" or something along those lines, if Sauron had so desired.
Moreover, had Sauron hated his originally derogatory name, he would surely have encouraged his servants to use one of his previous preferred names, such as Mairon, his name as a Maia, or Annatar, the Lord of Gifts. There's no evidence that he did so.
As a side note, out-of-universe, Tolkien's conception of his universe was always evolving. It's possible that at the point in time he wrote O Senhor dos Anéis, Sauron was never supposed to have had any other name. In the Silmarillion, for instance, there's no mention of Mairon; Sauron is used throughout, and Annatar is only mentioned as a pseudonym he used to disguise himself.