Primeiro uso do termo “warp” para indicar viagem / velocidade?

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Acabei de ver o Space Battleship Yamato (2010) . usei o termo "warp" para denotar um tipo de drive. Eu acho que Jornada nas Estrelas é o lugar óbvio onde esse termo foi usado pela primeira vez para descrever mais rápido que a luz, onde ele se originou?

    
por Workin' class hero 16.08.2012 / 18:53

8 respostas

Encontrei uma referência a um " uma unidade de urdidura espacial interestelar " em Future science fiction: Volume 1, Issue 1, editado por Robert W. Lowndes. Isso foi em "Nobody Saw the Ship", de Murray Leinster (meu palpite), ou "The Miniature Menace", de Frank Belknap Long. A data de publicação foi Maio de 1950 .

Por sugestão da aneróide, eu fiz primeiro um O Google cria a pesquisa para chegar a este ponto. Se houver uma referência anterior a "warp drive" ou "Warp drive" (totalmente possível), ela ainda não foi digitalizada pelos livros do Google.

Editar para adicionar: para uma história mais famosa, confira este trecho de " Eu, Robô " (por Asimov), também publicado em 1950:

"You get it, chief?" The general manager was wildly jubilant. "You get it? There isn't any industrial research group of any size that isn't trying to develop a space-warp engine, and Consolidate and U.S. Robots have the lead on the field with our super robot-brains." (p. 145)

(Este foi encontrado procurando por "space warp" em vez de "warp drive").

Editar mais para adicionar: Claramente, a frase "space warp" já estava em uso em 1947, não obstante o Google ngrams, como estas notas de um simpósio sugerir:

The term "space warp" does not mean anything without elaborate explanation.

Para um uso anterior de viagens FTL que não usam a palavra warp, há Gray Lensman , escrito em 1939 por EE Smith. Ele se refere a um " disco de quinta ordem " que pode "voyage em qualquer lugar do universo a milhões de vezes a velocidade da luz. "

Editado para adicionar: Com agradecimentos a @ user14111 por apontá-lo nos comentários, há uma referência ainda mais antiga ( escrita entre 1915 e 1921 ) para viagens da FTL, The Skylark of Space , em que EE Smith escreve:

Hurtled onward by the inconceivable power of the unleashed copper demon in its center, the Skylark flew through the infinite reaches of interstellar space with an unthinkable, almost incalculable velocity—beside which the velocity of light was as that of a snail to that of a rifle bullet; a velocity augmented every second by a quantity almost double that of light itself.

Ainda não li a história toda, mas não está claro para mim se E. E. Smith estava ciente das teorias especiais ou gerais da relatividade de Einstein.

    
17.08.2012 / 12:04

unidade de spacewarp (n.) 1948

No que diz respeito ao site Citações de Ficção Científica , a primeira citação de "warp drive" (na verdade, em a forma "drive spacewarp") está na novela de 1948 (mais tarde expandida para um romance) What Mad Universe , por Fredric Brown . Citando a p 34 da publicação original em Startling Stories , setembro de 1948 (disponível no Arquivo da Internet ):

Nineteen hundred and three. An American scientist at Harvard had discovered the spacewarp drive. Accidentally! Working on, of all things, his wife's sewing machine, which had been broken and discarded. He was trying to change it around so the treadle would run a tiny home-made generator to give him a high-frequency low-voltage current that he wanted to use in some class experiments in physics.

warp (v.) 1946

De acordo com o site Citações de ficção científica , o primeiro uso conhecido de "dobra" como verbo no sentido de viagem espacial mais rápida que a luz está no conto "Placet is um Crazy Place ", também de Fredric Brown. A seguinte citação é de p. 129 de sua publicação original em Astounding Science Fiction , maio de 1946 (disponível no Arquivo da Internet ):

Tomorrow the Ark would leave Earth, with the shipment of conditioner that would solve one of our problems—and with whomever Earth Center was sending to take my place. It would warp through space to a point a safe distance outside the Argyle I-II system and come in on rocket power from there. It would be here Friday, and I'd go back with it. But I tried not to think about that.

gerador de urdidura espacial (n.) 1944

Entre as citações do citações de ficção científica para "space warp" eu encontrei este, que parece ser da novela "Circle of Confusion" por George O. Smith (como "Wesley Long") em Astounding Science Fiction , março de 1944 (disponível no site Arquivo da Internet ):

The alphatron is still in fine shape, and the space-warp generator can still do a job.

warp (v.) 1938

A palavra "warp" é usada em referência à viagem espacial na novela 1938 " Homens contra as estrelas " por Manly Wade Wellman , publicado pela primeira vez em Espantosa Ficção Científica , junho de 1938 (disponível em Arquivo da Internet ). Citando as páginas 36-37 da antologia do Gnome Homens contra as estrelas ( Martin Greenberg , ed.):

"Sixty ships, Tallentyre. Sixty of 'em—and two hundred and forty-two men started from Earth. Fifty-six ships, and two hundred and twenty-two men reached Luna Port. Eighteen men lost on that little hop. Four ships blew their tubes—and that bloody six-man experiment first of all.

"But fifty-six ships landed, and we warped 'em off to Mars. And how many of those fifty-six got through?" His grating scream roared in the cubbyhole office and pounded through its flimsy metal door. Tallentyre's eyes moved toward the door.

DeWitt's roar dropped to a whisper as the man leaned abruptly forward, close to Tallentyre's moveless, sun-blackened face. "Four. Four got to Mars, my friend. The rest were pretty, red firecrackers in space."

Infelizmente, não acho que esse seja exatamente o tipo de "dobra" que estamos procurando. As naves espaciais de Wellman não possuíam unidades espaciais; eles eram foguetes abastecidos com hidrogênio monoatômico . Eu não sei o que Wellman quis dizer com "dobra"; talvez ele tenha usado no sentido arcaico de "lançar, jogar, arremessar".

warp (v.) 1932

A palavra "warp" é usada em referência à viagem interdimensional em Clifford D. Simak < novela de 1932 1932 "Cães de Caça do Cosmos" , que apareceu em Astounding Stories , junho de 1932 ( disponível no Arquivo da Internet . Os seguintes trechos são do Projeto Gutenberg :

"It is a matter of the proper utilization of two forces, electrical and gravitational," proudly explained Dr. White. "Those two forces, properly used, warp the third-dimensional into the fourth. A reverse process is used to return the object to the third. The principle of the machine is—"

The old man was about to launch into a lengthy discussion, but Henry interrupted him. A glance at his watch had shown him press time was drawing perilously close.

"Just a second," he said. "You propose to warp a third-dimensional being into a fourth dimension. How can a third-dimensional thing exist there? You said a short time ago that only a specified dimension could exist on one single plane."

[. . . .]

The light did not waver or sparkle. It did not glow. It seemed hard and brittle, like straight bars of force. The newspaperman, gazing with awe upon it, felt that terrific force was there. What had the old man said? Warp a third-dimensional being into another dimension! That would take force!

[. . . .]

In a line stood the men who were to fling themselves into the light to be warped into another dimension, there to seek out and fight an unknown enemy. The line was headed by a tall man with hands like hams, with a weather-beaten face and a wild mop of hair. Behind him stood a belligerent little cockney. Henry Woods stood fifth in line. They were a motley lot, adventurers every one of them, and some were obviously afraid as they stood before that column of light, with only a few seconds of the third dimension left to them. They had answered a weird advertisement, and had but a limited idea of what they were about to do. Grimly, though, they accepted it as a job, a bizarre job, but a job. They faced it as they had faced other equally dangerous, but less unusual, jobs.

[. . . .]

Then he knew. He was not alone. Here, in this one body were the bodies, the brains, the power, the spirit, of those other ninety-eight men. In the fourth dimension, all the millions of third-dimensional things were one. Perhaps that particular portion of the third dimension called the Earth had sprung from, or degenerated from, one single unit of a dissolving, worn-out fourth dimension. The third dimension, warped back to a higher plane, was automatically obeying the mystic laws of evolution by reforming in the shape of that old ancestor, unimaginably removed in time from the race he had begot. He was no longer Henry Woods, newspaperman; he was an entity that had given birth, in the dim ages when the Earth was born, to a third dimension. Nor was he alone. This body of his was composed of other sons of that ancient entity.

He felt himself grow, felt his body grow vaster, assume greater proportions, felt new vitality flow through him. It was the other men, the men who were flinging themselves into the column of light in the laboratory to be warped back to this plane, to be incorporated in his body.

    
25.09.2015 / 10:12

Apenas bisbilhotando a Wikipédia, eu acho que da Starship (de 1959) é creditado com o uso da frase .

Não me surpreenderia se houvesse usos anteriores nas revistas de celulose.

    
16.08.2012 / 20:07

Primeiro uso em filmes ou primeiro uso de sempre? Empenamento geométrico é usado para "soluções básicas das equações de campo de Einstein" - que são baseadas em "espaço curvo". Não tenho certeza quando essas soluções foram encontradas pela primeira vez, mas - Einstein : 1879-1955; Riemann : 1826-1866 (~ 1854); Lorentz : 1853-1928.

"Warping of Wood" como um fato conhecido é provavelmente centenas ou milhares de anos de idade. Então, eu colocaria 'dobra' para indicar 'viajar' ao redor do tempo de Einstein.

Para algo mais concreto / definido: Alcubierre drive - que é 1994.

Uma pesquisa do Google books ngrams pode fazer com que você seja o primeiro a usar.

    
17.08.2012 / 11:12

Em este site de ficção científica "primeiros" há um entrada para space warp que cita uma história de 1936, "The Cometeers " por Jack Williamson , juntamente com a seguinte citação da história:

"Every atom of ship load and crew was deflected infinitesimally from the space-time continuum of four dimensions, and thus freed of the ordinary limitations of acceleration and velocity, was driven around space, rather than through it, by a direct reaction against the space warp itself."

    
12.03.2016 / 21:39

Ilhas do Espaço por John W. Campbell, Jr. , em 1930. (ênfase minha)

"To move around near a heavy mass—in the presence of a strong gravitational field," Arcot said. "A gravitational field tends to warp space in such a way that the velocity of light is lower in its presence. Our drive tries to warp or strain space in the opposite manner. The two would simply cancel each other out and we'd waste a lot of power going nowhere. As a matter of fact, the gravitational field of the sun is so intense that we'll have to go out beyond the orbit of Pluto before we can use the space strain drive effectively."

Além disso, P. Schuyler Miller em Astounding Science Fiction escreveu sobre essa história:

"Arcot, Wade, Morey, and their computer, Fuller, put together a ship which will travel faster than light ... they give us what may have been the first space-warp drive. The concept was simple; to make it plausible wasn't—unless you were John Campbell."

Com base no link

    
05.07.2016 / 07:22

1942: O mais antigo disco espacial de ficção científica que eu conheço está em Ralph Milne Farley A novela "A imortalidade de Alan Whidden" , publicada pela primeira vez em Amazing Stories , fevereiro 1942 :

Gravity, Einstein had explained as being merely a warping of space-time in the fifth and higher dimensions, in the vicinity of masses of matter. Alan Whidden himself had supplied the older scientist with the following two-dimensional analogy — Whidden was good at analogies. Stretch out a thin sheet of elastic rubber, Whidden had suggested, and place upon it a number of metal balls of various sizes and weights. Each ball, in proportion to its mass, will distort this two-dimensional rubber sheet into the third dimension, just as gravitating bodies distort our own four dimensional space-time into higher dimensions. The balls on the rubber sheet will roll together, just as masses gravitate together in our familiar space.

The idea now occurred to Whidden: "If I distort the rubber sheet by some other means than the metal balls, as by poking my finger into it, I will have thereby created an artificial gravity. If I move this distortion along, by running my finger along ahead of one of the balls, the ball will follow my finger. Why not then artificially distort space in advance of a space ship, and thereby pull the ship along after the distortion, at any desired speed? It will be like holding a carrot on a pole in front of a mule's nose, to induce him to move."

Whidden took a brief run over to Princeton and discussed the idea with Albert Einstein. The latter disagreed quite emphatically, but could not formulate the reasons for this disagreement. Being a true scientist, Einstein's ideas always developed first as pure hunches, and then required months of abstract research for their formulation, followed by years of observation and experiment for their verification.

But Alan Whidden could not wait for all this. His malady was piling up on him like figures on a taxi-meter. Being the same sort of true scientist as his mentor, he too plunged into a mathematical analysis of his hunch; and when he believe that he had deduced the correct formula for an artificial space-warp, he set about producing it in his laboratory, preferably by electricity.

He found the way. He built a small model space-ship. He was able to cause it to set up a disturbance ahead of it, which would make it gravitate in that direction, its tail held down by a piece of rope. Substituting a spring-balance for the rope, he was able to measure the force of the pull of this artificially induced gravity, and thus learn the law of its strength. Also he found out how to direct the pull in any direction around the little model — this would be useful in steering and stopping his full-sized ship when built.

Infelizmente, seu navio de tamanho normal é um pouco diferente, com o resultado de que ele não se moverá no espaço, mas só poderá retroceder no tempo.

    
03.11.2016 / 10:45

1931

O novo romance de John W. Campbell, Islands of Space, seria a primeira menção ao warp drive, de modo que são 86 anos

    
07.02.2017 / 05:12