Eu encontrei uma resposta na Wikia que afirma semelhante ao que estou perguntando, mas ainda me perde em posições específicas.
The ranks held by members of the Galactic Republic Military varied by era, for instance, during the Old Sith Wars the rank of Captain, or more accurately Fleet Captain was used to refer to Admirals. Commander was given as a general title reflecting someone in command but not as a specific rank. Also, due to the diversity of the members of the military, regulations specified that any personnel of higher rank than oneself, regardless of the species, gender or position was to be addressed as "sir". The military answered ultimately to the Supreme Chancellor and the Galactic Senate. Though the Republic Army and Republic Navy had similar ranks, there were some variations.
Isso dá a classificação geral de Commander, mas não permite detalhes específicos. Assim, posso supor que o posto de "Comandante" foi dado a todos os Jedi como um posto todo abrangente, significando algo mais próximo de "superior" do que um Comandante real. Está listado na seguinte citação especificamente o que as fileiras dadas durante as Guerras Clônicas foram.
The Jedi Order took command of the military coordinated by the Jedi Command and under the supervision of the Senate. Along with Jedi Commanders, clones with special training were given ranks of Commander to assist in leading the army.
Isso principalmente responde à minha pergunta, mas abre outra questão sobre como as forças armadas da República são divididas (por exemplo, Força Aérea, Marinha e Exército?)