Primeira história para descrever humanos colonizando outro planeta?

1928: "Segundo Enxame" , uma novela por Joseph Schlossel , foi publicado pela primeira vez em Histórias incríveis trimestrais , primavera de 1928 , disponível em Arquivo da Internet e reimpresso em Clássicos de Ficção Científica , Verão de 1968 , também disponível no Arquivo da Internet .

A data de publicação desta edição da primavera de 1928 é anunciada como 20 de abril em p. 3 da edição anterior do inverno de 1928 , e o ISFDB também dá a data de publicação como abril de 1928. Aparentemente esta história é anterior a Edmond Hamilton A novela "Crashing Suns" , parte 1 da qual apareceu em Weird Tales , agosto de 1928 .

Milhares de anos a partir de agora, a humanidade está explorando as estrelas mais próximas, procurando por planetas habitáveis para colonizar:

When the Second Great Expedition was first planned, following the complete success of the first which had gone toward Alpha Centauri and now occupied two of the nineteen planets which revolved around that star, scouting expeditions were sent out to seven of the nearer stars to investigate. They realized that the distance of twenty-five light years from the solar system would be the absolute limit to which any expedition could be sent at the present day with any hope of success. The nearer the star, of course, the greater the chances of success in the event that the selected planet was inhabited and the inhabitants resented the invasion of man.

Blue-white Vega toward which the solar system was hurtling at the rate of one million miles a day and the giant orange-hued Arcturus in the constellation of Bootes were believed to be just at the extreme limit. Then came white-hot Formalhaut in Piscis Australis at the distance of twenty-three light years from the solar system. Next in distance was Altair in Aquila at sixteen light years from Earth. Procyon in Canis Minor was accredited with the distance of twelve light years; Sirius in Canis Major at the distance of nine light years, and 61 Cygni, the sixth magnitude star in the constellation of Cygnus, at the distance of eight and a half light years are the three nearest of the seven.

A scouting expedition of two interstellar ships was considered enough to send to each of the seven selected stars. Six interstellar ships capable of making a round trip to any distance up to thirty light years from the solar system were planned and built. A driving mechanism producing rays powerful enough to hurtle them along at two-thirds the speed of light through the utter void of space between the stars was installed in each of them. The three farthest stars of the seven was their destination. They left the Earth in the order of the distance they had to travel so that they would all return around the same period.

A história principal é sobre o desagrado com os Sirianos:

Had those intelligent creatures who inhabited the ringed world of Sirius not attacked and destroyed the two expeditions from Earth, man, on discovering that it was in sole possession of highly intelligent creatures, would not have dreamt of invading it, but now . . .

Mas há também uma colonização pacífica de planetas desabitados em andamento:

The first day of the year 12,001 of the New Era dawned. On the following day the Second Great Expedition was scheduled to be launched into the boundless infinity of space toward Sirius. The First Great Expedition had gone toward Alpha Centauri and met with no opposition. They had peacefully taken possession of the two worlds which their scouts had selected as the only two fit for human habitation. Their ships were not filled with weapons for destruction, but with tools for construction. To each who had braved the terrors of the unknown there had been allotted a thousand acres of the choicest land upon the surface of those worlds.

De um discurso do presidente mundial:

"Peacefully they took possession of two worlds that revolve around Alpha Centauri. On not one of those two worlds was there animal life of any description, nothing but a sort of low plant life which resembled moss and was of a deep blush color. The various domestic animals that they had taken along with them became acclimatized very easily on those planets and probably never knew that they had been transported to alien worlds, while the seeds of various kinds of plant life which man had found useful thrived wonderfully when insect life was introduced from Earth to fertilize them, better even than on their own native world which they had left behind forever."

Eu acho que Last and First Men , de Olaf Stapledon se qualifica, publicado em 1930.

Ele descreve um par de bilhões de anos de evolução humana, em diferentes ondas de homens. As 8ª e 9ª ondas descrevem humanos geneticamente alterados para viver em Netuno, depois que tentativas semelhantes em Vênus falharam:

Vênus:

Fifth Men. (Chapters 11–12) An artificial human species designed by the brains. "On the average they were more than twice as tall as the First Men, and much taller than the Second Men... the delicate sixth finger had been induced to divide its tip into two Lilliputian fingers and a corresponding thumb. The contours of the limbs were sharply visible, for the body bore no hair, save for a close, thick skull-cap which, in the original stock, was of ruddy brown. The well-marked eyebrows, when drawn down, shaded the sensitive eyes from the sun." After clashing with and finally eliminating the Fourth Men, they develop a technology greater than Earth had ever known before. When Earth ceases to be habitable, they terraform Venus, committing genocide on its marine native race which tries to resist them – but do not cope well after the move.

Netuno:

Eighth Men. "These long-headed and substantial folk were designed to be strictly pedestrian, physically and mentally." When Venus becomes uninhabitable, about to be destroyed along with the entire inner solar system, they design the Ninth Men, who will live on Neptune.

Ninth Men. (Chapter 14) "Inevitably it was a dwarf type, limited in size by the necessity of resisting an excessive gravitation... too delicately organized to withstand the ferocity of natural forces on Neptune... civilization crumbled into savagery." After the Ninth Men's civilization collapses, the Ninth Men themselves devolve into various animal species.

Até que um exemplo anterior seja encontrado.

Eu ia postar uma história de Stanley G. Weinbaum mais cedo do que Last and First Men na resposta de JohnP, então notei que Last and First Men é datado de 1930 , não em 1939. Mas eu espero que as menções de colônias em outros planetas devam remontar à primeira revista de ficção científica, Amazing Stories em março de 1926, ou até antes.

A primeira colônia lunar ou base plausível com cúpulas para conter uma atmosfera parecida com a Terra foi provavelmente em Brigands of the Moon por Ray Cummings, Histórias Astounding of Super Science , Março, abril, maio e junho de 1930.

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Edmond "World Wrecker" As histórias de Hamilton sobre a Patrulha Interestelar foram precedidas por uma história da Patrulha Interplanetária onde os humanos colonizaram todos os planetas do sistema solar, "Crashing Suns", Weird Tales agosto 1928 e setembro de 1928. Desde a primeira edição do Weird Tales em março de 1923, a primeira história de colônias humanas em outros mundos poderia ter sido publicada em 1923.

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E, sem dúvida, exemplos anteriores serão encontrados por aqueles mais familiarizados com a ficção científica inicial.

Em A Guerra dos Mundos por HG Wells, acredita-se que os planetas exteriores são mais velhos e os planetas interiores são mais jovens, e que os planetas exteriores "morrerão" e ficarão sem vida antes do os mais jovens. Assim, os marcianos invadiram a Terra porque Marte estava morrendo.

No capítulo dez: O epílogo, o narrador diz:

Lessing has advanced excellent reasons for supposing that the Martians have actually succeeded in effecting a landing on the planet Venus. Seven months ago now, Venus and Mars were in alignment with the sun; that is to say, Mars was in opposition from the point of view of an observer on Venus. Subsequently a peculiar luminous and sinuous marking appeared on the unillumined half of the inner planet, and almost simultaneously a faint dark mark of a similar sinuous character was detected upon a photograph of the Martian disk. One needs to see the drawings of these appearances in order to appreciate fully their remarkable resemblance in character.

At any rate, whether we expect another invasion or not, our views of the human future must be greatly modified by these events. We have learned now that we cannot regard this planet as being fenced in and a secure abiding place for Man; we can never anticipate the unseen good or evil that may come upon us suddenly out of space. It may be that in the larger design of the universe this invasion from Mars is not without its ultimate benefit for men; it has robbed us of that serene confidence in the future which is the most fruitful source of decadence, the gifts to human science it has brought are enormous, and it has done much to promote the conception of the commonweal of mankind. It may be that across the immensity of space the Martians have watched the fate of these pioneers of theirs and learned their lesson, and that on the planet Venus they have found a securer settlement. Be that as it may, for many years yet there will certainly be no relaxation of the eager scrutiny of the Martian disk, and those fiery darts of the sky, the shooting stars, will bring with them as they fall an unavoidable apprehension to all the sons of men.

The broadening of men's views that has resulted can scarcely be exaggerated. Before the cylinder fell there was a general persuasion that through all the deep of space no life existed beyond the petty surface of our minute sphere. Now we see further. If the Martians can reach Venus, there is no reason to suppose that the thing is impossible for men, and when the slow cooling of the sun makes this earth uninhabitable, as at last it must do, it may be that the thread of life that has begun here will have streamed out and caught our sister planet within its toils.

Dim and wonderful is the vision I have conjured up in my mind of life spreading slowly from this little seed bed of the solar system throughout the inanimate vastness of sidereal space. But that is a remote dream. It may be, on the other hand, that the destruction of the Martians is only a reprieve. To them, and not to us, perhaps, is the future ordained.

Escrito no século 2 dC, Uma verdadeira história de Lucian tem o Rei da Lua e o Rei do Sol lutando uma batalha pela colonização de Vênus.

Está disponível uma tradução aqui :

We asked who the enemy were, and what the quarrel was about. "Phaethon," said he, "the king of the inhabitants of the sun--for it is inhabited, you know, as well as the moon--has been at war with us for a long time now. It began in this way. Once upon a time I gathered together the poorest people in my kingdom and undertook to plant a colony on the Morning Star, which was empty and uninhabited. Phaethon out of jealousy thwarted the colonisation, meeting us half-way at the head of his Ant Dragoons. At that time we were beaten, for we were not a match for them in strength, and we retreated: now, however, I desire to make war again and plant the colony."