Ele é um antigo Vala.
Como você diz, o Maia e o Valar são apenas classificações do Ainur. A passagem completa que você cita é a seguinte:
The Great among these spirits [the Ainur who came to Arda] the Elves name the Valar, the Powers of Arda, and Men have often called them gods. The Lords of the Valar are seven; and the Valier, the Queens of the Valar, are seven also. These were their names in the Elvish tongue as it was spoken in Valinor, though they have other names in the speech of the Elves in Middle-earth, and their names among Men are manifold. The names of the Lords in due order are: Manwë, Ulmo, Aulë, Oromë, Mandos, Lórien, and Tulkas; and the names of the Queens are: Varda, Yavanna, Nienna, Estë, Vairë, Vána, and Nessa. Melkor is counted no longer among the Valar, and his name is not spoken upon Earth.
(Valaquenta)
Observe o tempo da passagem, que, no contexto, é um livro de mito e história. Não mais é o Melkor contado entre os Valar, e seu nome não é falado na Terra. Isso pode se referir apenas ao tempo presente (ou tempos relativamente atuais), mas certamente antes que 'Feanor' o renomeie.
Mais tarde, no final do Valaquenta:
Last of all is set the name of Melkor, He who arises in Might But that name he has forfeited; and the Noldor, who among the Elves suffered most from his malice, will not utter it, and they name him Morgoth, the Dark Enemy of the World. Great might was given to him by Ilúvatar, and he was coeval with Manwë. In the powers and knowledge of all the other Valar he had part, but he turned them to evil purposes, and squandered his strength in violence and tyranny. For he coveted Arda and all that was in it, desiring the kingship of Manwë and dominion over the realms of his peers.
From splendour he fell through arrogance to contempt for all things save himself, a spirit wasteful and pitiless. Understanding he turned to subtlety in perverting to his own will all that he would use, until he became a liar without shame. He began with the desire of Light, but when he could not possess it for himself alone, he descended through fire and wrath into a great burning, down into Darkness. And darkness he used most in his evil works upon Arda, and filled it with fear for all living things.
O Valaquenta diz que os Elfos nomearam os Valar (sendo os membros dos Valar definidos pelos Elfos), que eram simplesmente os "Grandes" entre os Ainur que entrou em Arda. Então a questão se torna uma questão de quando os Elfos teriam considerado que Melkor não seria mais um dos "Grandes".
Nós não sabemos que histórias os outros Ainur poderiam ter dito aos Eldar de Melkor. Se eles disseram alguma coisa, eu imagino que eles deixaram para ele sendo um dos maiores entre eles, mas ainda rebelde. De qualquer forma, por um tempo, os Elfos consideraram Melkor um grande sujeito.
Then Manwë granted him pardon; but the Valar would not yet suffer him to depart beyond their sight and vigilance, and he was constrained to dwell within the gates of Valmar. But fair-seeming were all the words and deeds of Melkor in that time, and both the Valar and the Eldar had profit from his aid and counsel, if they sought it; and therefore in a while he was given leave to go freely about the land, and it seemed to Manwë that the evil of Melkor was cured. [...] Therefore all the more did he feign love for [the Elves] and seek their friendship, and he offered them the service of his lore and labour in any great deed that they would do. The Vanyar indeed held him in suspicion, for they dwelt in the light of the Trees and were content; and to the Teleri he gave small heed, thinking them of little worth, tools too weak for his designs. But the Noldor took delight in the hidden knowledge that he could reveal to them; and some hearkened to words that it would have been better for mem never to have heard.
(De Fëanor e o desencadeamento de Melkor)
Tudo isso chegou ao fim muito rapidamente.
Then Fëanor rose, and lifting up his hand before Manwë he cursed Melkor, naming him Morgoth, the Black Foe of the World; and by that name only was he known to the Eldar ever after.
(do vôo dos noldor)
Então, olhando de volta para a sua citação, o nome dele era, neste ponto, 'não mais falado na Terra', pelo menos pelos Eldar, que supostamente escreviam as histórias que nossos Hobbits basearam O Silmarillion em . Eu acho que é lógico que neste momento, os Eldar não teriam mais considerado Morgoth como um dos Valar.
Mas você poderia argumentar que Morgoth ainda era um dos 'Poderes de Arda', Black Foe of the World, ou não. Nesse caso, eu diria que ele certamente deixou de ser contado entre os Valar até o final da Guerra da Ira:
The war was successful, and ruin was limited to the small (if beautiful) region of Beleriand. Morgoth was thus actually made captive in physical form,9 and in that form taken as a mere criminal to Aman and delivered to Namo Mandos as judge — and executioner. He was judged, and eventually taken out of the Blessed Realm and executed: that is killed like one of the Incarnates.
(Mitos Transformados)
Ser vergonhosamente capturado, morto e expulso de Arda certamente parece desqualificá-lo como um dos Grandes Poderes de Arda - mesmo que sua malícia vivesse.