Sim. Você pode usar seu visto válido em seu passaporte cancelado, juntamente com seu passaporte válido, para viajar para o espaço Schengen.
O Código das Fronteiras Schengen exige que determinados viajantes possuir um visto válido e possuir um passaporte válido (ou outro documento de viagem), mas não exige que o visto válido esteja contido no documento de viagem válido. Isto foi confirmado em 2014 pelo Tribunal de Justiça das Comunidades Europeias, no caso de: C-575/12 :
On those grounds, the Court (Fourth Chamber) hereby rules:
On a proper construction of Articles 24(1) and 34 of Regulation (EC) No 810/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 establishing a Community Code on Visas (Visa Code), the cancellation of a travel document by an authority of a third country does not mean that the uniform visa affixed to that document is automatically invalidated.
On a proper construction of Article 5(1) of Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code), as amended by Regulation (EU) No 265/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 March 2010, read in conjunction with Article 13(1) of Regulation No 562/2006, the entry of third-country nationals into the territory of Member States is not subject to the condition that, at the border check, the valid visa presented must necessarily be affixed to a valid travel document.
Article 5(1) of Regulation No 562/2006, as amended by Regulation No 265/2010, read in conjunction with Article 13(1) of Regulation No 562/2006, must be interpreted as precluding national legislation, such as that at issue in the main proceedings, which makes the entry of third-country nationals to the territory of the Member State concerned subject to the condition that, at the border check, the valid visa presented must necessarily be affixed to a valid travel document.
(ênfase adicionada)
O terceiro ponto diz basicamente que os países Schengen não podem impor um requisito adicional de que o visto esteja em um documento de viagem válido.