Por que Michael Burnham é o culpado pela Batalha nas Estrelas Binárias?

From the perspective of the humans involved, it appears to be Burnham's fault. They don't know, can't know that the Klingons would have attacked anyway and were hoping to start a war. In fact, her mutinous actions might have actually averted the war if the Klingon ship had been destroyed.

From the human's perspective she impaired the captain's ability to resolve the situation and ultimately got her killed. She killed two Klingons (one accidentally), one of which was T'Kuvma who became a martyr.

This is compounded by Burnham's unwillingness to defend her actions and determination to accept her punishment. She seems to believe that she is at fault.

There's five reasons intertwined to explain the perception that she's responsible.

1. She has a personal reason to hate Klingons.

2. She killed a Klingon first. Without the Federation side knowing what the Klingons thought about it, she could be blamed for instigating the initial standoff to begin with, as the video proof that she acted in self-defense was explicitly stated to have not been recovered.

3. She mutinied. That's the problem Starfleet officially has with her, but it's the thing that makes her well-known.

4. She killed the Klingon leader on the scene, in the process getting Georgiou killed, and creating the unifying martyr Burnham herself had worried about.

5. The Federation and Starfleet were unaware that nothing would have prevented T'Kuvma from instigating a battle.

Officially, her charges revolved around the mutiny, not the initial killing or Georgiou's death, but that gets wrapped into the perception she's responsible for the whole thing. Federation civilians would blame her for starting the whole mess. Starfleet personnel, with more context, blame her for being their first mutineer. Her former crewmates blame her for the captain's death. And everyone blames her for killing T'Kuvma.

So you've got someone known to have a reason to hate Klingons, who was the first to kill a Klingon, who advocated attacking the Klingons without provocation, who attempted mutiny in order to carry out that attack, who was with her captain when the latter was killed attempting a plan Burnham came up with, and who killed the leader whose death the Klingons rallied around, and they don't know that the Klingons would have attacked even if Burnham hadn't done all those things. Claro people would consider her responsible. And since Burnham doesn't know the last fact either, that she had been in a no-win situation where there would be no good outcome, she'd hold herself responsible as well.

This point also bothering me to no end during the watching, so I tried to found reason for it.
The main reasons i came to was :

Bode expiatório

The federation needed a scapegoat. Someone they could blame for the war.
The fact that everyone seems to have heard of the 'mutineer' by her name (and knowing the fact it's a woman named Michael, which was confirmed as exceptional in 1.03) goes in this direction.
This means that Burnham’s story was wide spread.
It can't be accounted for by rumor only, especially when considering the military have a default secrecy obligation.
The fact she pleaded guilty did not help her situation, but even if she had pleaded innocent or tried to explain her view, it would have had little effect. She would not have been able to explain herself to the public. Only the official version would have been broadcast.

Survivors write the history

The only person who ultimately understood Burnham and could have defended her was the Captain. And the Captain is dead. The only person that could tell how the captain died is the one who have killed her. The only people that could tell the extent of the mutiny were the ones who let it happen, with a lot of compliance...
I can admit Burnham surrendered herself. But most likely you can thank the rest of the crew for the 'official' summary of the events.

From the point of view of the Federation the following happened by her own debriefing:

• She went and landed in an artifact just on the edge of Federation space, encountered and killed a Klingon.
• She mutinied preventing her capitan to continue with diplomacy to defuse the situation.
• Ela loaded and aimed weapons at the Klingon vessel, an action that can be detected by most vessels on Star Trek canon. Shortly after that the Klingon attacked.
• She boarded the Klingon vessel and killed the main commander out of rage for the death of her capitan, even though she knew that would make a martir.

From the point of view of the federation is very difficult not to correlate that into “your actions initiated a war”. In fact, without knowing the Klingons intended to attack no matter what (something only known by the viewers) it’s the logical conclusion.

You can't say Burnham killed T'Kuvma out of rage at Georgiou's death - she'd already shot and killed him before seeing that he'd stabbed Georgiou with his Bat'leth - his body falls to the ground and THEN Burnham sees Georgiou is dead. T'Kuvma's considerably taller and bulkier than Georgiou and his body is blocking hers from Michael's view.

Also Bunrham's mutiny doesn't prevent the Captain's attempts at diplomacy. It does estranho that attempt - but it doesn't wholly prevent it.

The most important evidence is that a Vulcan believes it is Michael Burnham's fault. That means it has passed the test of logic and critical thinking. Michael Burnham blaming herself cannot be attributed to guilty feeling. She is exceptionally smart, she was a first-hand witness to all events, she has all the facts, and she has weighed the evidence.

Scapegoat theory does not work. This would require Burnham to lie at her court-martial. She could not have lied at her court-martial (again, she is Vulcan). Also, scapegoating is just not the way Starfleet operates at this time in history (with the possible exception of AI-controlled Section 31).

Other than this, she has been tried fairly and convicted. That is a pretty good reason to blame someone.

To me, this is the reason why she is blamed for the Battle of the Binary Stars.