Quando foi a primeira vez que uma história de ficção científica mencionou o conceito de "planeta prisional"?

1946: "O circuito disciplinar", uma novela de Murray Leinster, primeira história em sua Kim Rendell Series; publicado em Thrilling Wonder Stories, Inverno 1946, disponível no Internet Archive. O planeta da prisão é chamado Ades:

"Ades!" Kim said furiously. "They go to the transmitter and name their chosen place of exile, and the transmitter-clerk dutifully pushed the proper buttons, but the Circuit takes over. They go to Ades! And no man has ever come back."

[. . . .]

Dona watched him furtively as she began the tedious task of hunting through the Galactic Pilot of this sector, two-hundred-odd volumes, for even a stray reference to the planet Ades.

Ultimately she did find Ades mentioned. Not in the bound volumes of the Pilot, but in the microfilm abbreviated Galactic Directory. Ades rated just three lines of type — its space-coordinates, the spectral type of its sun, a climate-atmosphere symbol which indicated that three-fourths of its surface experienced sub-Arctic conditions, and the memo:

"Its borderline habitability caused it to be chosen as a penal colony at a very early date. Landing upon it is forbidden under all circumstances. A patrol-ship is on guard."

The memorandum was quaint, now that no space-line had operated in five centuries, no exploring ship in nearly two, and the Space Patrol itself had been disbanded three hundred years since.

"Mmmm!" Kim said. "If we need it, not too bad. People could survive on Ades. People probably have. And they won’t be sheep, anyhow."

"How far away is it?" Dona asked uneasily. "We have enough fuel for twenty-five light-years' travel, you said."

"Ades is just about halfway across the galaxy," he told her. "We couldn’t really get started there if our tanks were full. The only way to reach it is by matter-transmitter."

1944: "A linha de tiro", uma novela em George O. Smith's Venus Equilateral Series; publicado pela primeira vez em Ficção Científica EspantosaDezembro 1944, disponível no Internet Archive.

Aqui está um resumo da trama de Wikipedia:

After escaping from prison, Hellion Murdoch teams up with Kingman. Kingman will use Terran Electric's research lab to create energy weapons, and Murdoch will mount the weapons in his ship, the Black Widow, and blackmail interplanetary commerce. When news of Murdoch's escape reaches Venus Equilateral, Channing realizes the station will be his first target. The station's staff design a set of missiles that will home in on the Black Widow, and they succeed in destroying it. Kingman is able to hide his association with Murdoch.

Uma colônia penal de Titã é mencionada na história:

The news of Murdoch’s first blow came that same day. It was a news report from the Interplanetary Network that the Titan Penal Colony had been attacked by a huge black ship of space that carried a huge dome-shaped turret on the top. Beams of invisible energy burned furrows in the frozen ground, and the official buildings melted and exploded from the air pressure within them. The Titan station went off the ether with a roar, and the theorists believed that Murdoch’s gang had been augmented by four hundred and nineteen of the Solar System’s most vicious criminals.

Como essa é a única menção de Titã na história, não há como dizer se existem operações civis nesse corpo. Titã não parece nem um pouco parecido com a Terra nesta história; Não sei se isso é um requisito.

1943: "Prisão no espaço", uma novela de Henry A. Norton, publicado em Amazing Stories, August 1943, disponível no Internet Archive.

Destaque editorial:

This was a prison ship to take criminals to a prison planet--but enroute something happened that changed the order of things just a trifle!

O planeta Vênus, aparentemente bom para nada mais, está sendo usado como um depósito de lixo para os indesejáveis ​​da Terra:

Behind him, on the mile-square loading platform, milled the wildest, motliest collection of humanity in the history of the port. The rail was lined with them, jeering at the guards, or sunk in apathetic gloom. Men and women, young and old, villainous or mild — these were the thousand persons condemned by the Council to exile on Venus. A few of them were murderers, some were saboteurs, a handful had been merely unwise in their criticism of the Alliance. Their personal effects, a mountain of luggage, now stowed the hold of the space ship Vigilant.

[. . . .]

It was the Vigilant’s — and Shattuck’s — second such expedition to Venus. A year before, the Council of the Alliance had been faced with a growing number of revolutionaries. It had then decreed the sequestration of a thousand men and women on Venus, and the sentence had been duly carried out.

[. . . .]

Shattuck could still remember the Venus blast-off last year, the forlorn, instinctive huddling of the exiles as the space ship left. They had remained for a time a crawling, fungoid patch on the face of Venus, with the mountain of provisions towering beside them till the relentless mists closed in and shut them from view.

Now it was to be done again, and he felt a nameless stir of feeling for that brawling, noisy mob on the loading platform. He studied them idly, wondering what had been their individual crimes to earn isolation from Earth. The fat woman he knew was Stella Marvel. She had kept a great, rambling house in the capital city of Chicago — a house in which the Council said she had harbored spies and malcontents. The suspicion was there had been a gayer, more frivolous aspect to Stella’s menage — two or three of the hard-eyed girls being sent to Venus with her bore out the theory.

1934: "Rebeldes do planeta penal", um conto anônimo de a edição de fevereiro 17, 1934 of Scoops, uma revista britânica de ficção científica de curta duração para crianças editada por Haydn Dimmock. Está disponível no Internet Archive mas não tentei ler; por favor me avise se não é um verdadeiro "planeta da prisão".

Destaque editorial:

A World-famous Scientist, exiled to the Penal Planet, captures transport Space Ships and Challenges the Earth.

A partir de Everett F. Bleilerrevisão de Ficção científica: Os anos Gernsback:

Background: the solar system seems to be organized into a unit called Cosmos, with the center of government on Earth. There is a governing council and a Lord President. Although it is not specified, the planets seem to be settled by humans only, with Uranus serving as a penal planet for particularly bad criminals. Among such criminals is the mad scientist Professor Amos Revukla, who has seized control on Uranus and is leading a revolt against the central government.

With new weapons, including a sleep gas (soporifalium), heat rays, and disintegrator rays, his enormous space fleet begins to wipe out the great cities of the world. Edinburgh and York are already gone, to be followed by about thirty others before Capt. Jerry Grahame of the Inter-Planetary Defence Force defeats the "Uranusians."

When Revukla captures Jerry and tortures him with a pain rod, he errs greatly, for Jerry, knocking out his guard, with a couple of associates captures the professor's three hundred-man flagship. Then, cleverly making use of Revukla's code, he commands the rebel fleet to drop its protective magnetic screens at inappropriate moments. The rebellion is over.

1932, abril: Invasores do Infinito, um romance de John W. Campbell, Jr. na sua Arcot, Morey e Wade publicada pela primeira vez em Amazing Stories Quarterly, Primavera-verão 1932 (disponível no Internet Archive), com uma data de publicação de abril 1932 de acordo com o ISFDB: "'April 20, 1932' é impresso na parte inferior do índice." Vejo Resposta de Yoshi Bro.

1932, março: "Planeta da prisão", uma novela de RF Starzl, publicado em carraca, March 5, 1932, aparentemente nunca reimpresso. O planeta prisional é Ganimedes:

The prison itself consisted of an immense wall more than fifty feet high which surrounded the buildings, some of which towered far into the air. Everything was of stone, dark, cold and repelling. Over all hung a shroud of hopelessness, as if ghosts of the prisoners who had died there still haunted the place.

About a quarter of a mile south of the prison, clearly etched in all its ugliness, was the colony of prisoners who had served their time, but who would never again be permitted to mingle with the human race, for eugenic reasons. This city was called Lethe. It was an unplanned conglomeration of crooked streets—of occasional more pretentious buildings badly in need of repairs. Women were rare in Lethe, but occasionally an exile's woman chose to share his fate. But there were no children there. The eugenists' sterilizing ray made that impossible.

The prison itself lay on a slight elevation of land. The city was along the flanks of this mound. In all directions lay only desolation and the white rheum of frost. Marsh land, frozen iron-hard, fed by the luke-warm discharge of the hot springs that heated the prison and the city.

Vare was acquainted with all the official information on the prison planet. He had studied the maps, knew something of the prison's interior arrangement. He knew that Lethe housed some thirty thousand persons, mostly reckless and all criminal, except for a sprinkling of experts for technical work, and a sprinkling of civil guards who pretended to keep the peace; a magistrate and a municipal court.

He knew that with the exception of this one favored spot, life on Ganymede was impossible. Here the interior heat came close to the surface, permitting the puny, distant sun, and the low-grade radiations from Jupiter to be slightly felt. But past a radius of a dozen miles this internal heat was absent and the temperature sometimes came perilously close to the actual liquefaction of air. Ganymede was a perfect prison—a more unbreachable place of exile than Siberia had ever been.

1931: "Revolta no inferno", uma novela de Victor Rousseau, publicado em Histórias de ciência e fantasia milagrosas, Junho a julho 1931.

A partir de Everett F. Bleilerrevisão de Ficção científica: Os anos Gernsback:

The planet Inferno, about the size of Mercury, is the tenth and outermost planet of the solar system, with a fifty-year orbit of some irregularity.
There is no life on the surface of Inferno, which is rough and rocky, but extensive salt seas and marshes contain a wealth of horrible, monstrous life-forms of great greed and viciousness. Inferno is the ultimate penal colony for Earth; no convict has ever returned from it.

At the moment the ship Planetaria is approaching Inferno bearing fifty revolutionaries who had been plotting to overthrow the harsh dictatorship of Yoska.

Among the men is Donald Evans, on whose secret weapon the revolutionaries had counted. It is a device that can cause instantaneous absolute zero within a range of hundreds of miles.
Accompanying the prisoners is Danvril, Yoska's agent, who tries to make a deal with Evans: if Evans reveals how the apparatus (which is aboard) works, Danvril will release all the prisoners. Evans agrees.

Danvril, however, breaks his promise and plans to ship the conspirators to the worst deathcamp on the planet. In part he is moved by will to power; in part he is Evans's rival for the love of the fair Ottili. She has traveled to Inferno to visit her brother, previously imprisoned.

There is intrigue and action back and forth. Evans and members of a small underground movement first sabotage the Planetaria, then capture it, lose it to Danvril, etc.

As the story ends, Danvril, the prison guards, and associates are all wiped out; the Planetaria, repaired, will bring Evans's weapon to Earth, and Yoska will be overthrown.

1930: "O senhor do espaço", uma novela de Victor Rousseau, publicado em Histórias surpreendentes da super ciência, August 1930, Disponível em Projeto Gutenberg e a Internet Archive.

The Moon Colony, discovered in 1976, when Kramer, of Baltimore, first proved the practicability of mixing neon with the inert new gas, leucon, and so conquering gravitation, had proved to be just what it had been suspected of being—a desiccated, airless desolation. Nevertheless, within the depths of the craters a certain amount of the Moon's ancient atmosphere still lingered, sufficient to sustain life for the queer troglodytes, with enormous lung-boxes, who survived there, browsing like beasts upon the stunted, aloe-like vegetation.

Half man, half ape, and very much unlike either, these vestiges of a species on a ruined globe had proved tractable and amenable to discipline. They had become the laborers of the convict settlement that had sprung up on the Moon.

Thither all those who had opposed the establishment of the World Federation, together with all persons convicted for the fourth time of a felony, had been transported, to superintend the efforts of these dumb, unhuman Moon dwellers. For it had been discovered that the Moon craters were extraordinarily rich in gold, and gold was still the medium of exchange on Earth.

Embora não seja exatamente o que você está procurando, encontrei um exemplo interessante de 1932 Oficina de Vulcan by Harl Vincent

É um planeta

Vulcan, the smallest and innermost of the planets, circles the sun with great rapidity at a mean distance of twenty million miles

Que tem um campo de prisão

And so they were taking him to the dread prison camp known as Vulcan's Workshop, a mysterious place of horror and hardship from which no convict had ever returned

O único problema é que, enquanto os únicos colonos permanentes são prisioneiros, os civis também vão e vêm em busca de riquezas

In spite of all this, man has persisted in establishing himself in the vapor belt of Vulcan for the sake of wresting from the rocky soil its vast deposits of rare ores, and a great number of mining operations are continually in progress. All of these are commercial projects and are worked by adventurous seekers of fortune, save only the penal colony known as Vulcan's Workshop: But no Terrestrial or Martian, however greedy for riches, would dare to remain longer than two lunar months, which is the average time limit of human endurance. Only the condemned remain, and these remain to die.

Mas, apesar disso, acho justo dizer que isso é mais do que a metade dos planetas infernais que todos conhecemos e amamos

É claro que o mais famoso planeta da prisão de ficção científica pode ser Salusa Secundus em Duna o planeta da prisão do imperador Padishah e o local de onde ele recruta seus Sardarkar. Duna foi publicado pela primeira vez em análogo como "Dune World" a partir de dezembro de 1963 e como "Profeta de Dune" em 1965.

Mas tenho certeza de que Salusa Secundus não foi o primeiro planeta prisional.

O planeta prisional de Shayol em "Um planeta chamado Shayol", de Cordwainer Smith Ficção científica da galáxia Outubro 1961 parece um inferno. Mencionado por Buzz em seu comentário acima.

A Zona Fantasma, uma dimensão da prisão, apareceu pela primeira vez em Quadrinhos de aventura número 238, abril 1961.

O Twilight Zone episódio "The Lonely" - escrito por Rod Serling - 13 Novembro 1959 tem um homem condenado a confinamento solitário em um asteróide por cinquenta anos. Tecnicamente, isso é mais como um único asteróide de cela de prisão do que um planeta de prisão, mas está perto o suficiente.

Não acredito que os primeiros planetas da prisão tenham aparecido em 1959-1961, mas não me lembro de nenhum de óperas espaciais anteriores.

Se, por exemplo, os personagens estivessem ameaçados de serem enviados para as minas em um planeta distante, talvez não fosse mencionado se havia assentamentos não penais nesse planeta.

Para começar: As estrelas imperiais, 1964, por EE Doc Smith.

A versão mais conhecida do romance foi publicada na 1976, mas a novela 1964 inclui uma referência ao planeta prisional Gastonia:

"How did Gastonia sneak into this muddle? It was muddled enough already, without another question mark."

"My own idea. Empress Stanley Five started exiling rebels there way back in the twenty-two hundreds sometime and they've been doing it ever since. What could be nicer for recruiting purposes?"

No caso em que o 1932 "Prison Planet" de Starzl, de user14111resposta excelentemente completa não dá certo, eu envio Mundo Penal por John Russell Fearn, escrevendo como Thornton Ayre, publicado em Histórias Astounding, Outubro 1937.

Trecho de Mundo sem chance: Histórias clássicas de ficção científica em celulose por John Russell Fearn, como encontrado em Google Livros. A história começa na p. 29:

    "Penal World" by "Thornton Ayre" was submitted to Astounding Stories and accepted by its editor Orlin Tremaine on 23 July 1937. Thus encouraged, Fearn went on to produce more stories in the same vein.

PENAL WORLD

Mad, idiotic world! Air of absolute poison—trees basically ammonium carbonate—creatures living in a temperature of a hundred and twenty degrees below zero centigrade—

Nesse caso, é Júpiter, não Vênus, que é usado como um planeta prisional.

    James Cardew, former American citizen, was on Jupiter through no fault of his own. He was in no way to blame for the fact that he now stood inside his enormously reinforced spacesuit gazing out on a landscape incredibly vast and rugged, stretching to a colossal distance, bounded at remoteness by the boiling horror of the seven-thousand-mile-wide Great Red Spot.

    Jupiter was the penal world of the system, last working place of the criminals of Earth, Mars, and Venus. And for a very good reason! Once a space machine landed on Jupiter it was common knowledge that, in the case of the huge convict machines at least, it could never leave. The titanic gravity of the planet claimed large-sized ships absolutely.

Os prisioneiros são forçados a extrair o mineral usado para construir o complexo prisional. Aparentemente, isso é necessário porque o material continua se degradando e eles precisam de abrigo para sobreviver no planeta hostil.

    James Cardew had been framed by certain jealous officials of the space ways—shipped to Jupiter because he knew too much of graft and corruption in high places. For two years he had worked among the bitter-hearted men at the settlement...

...

    The convicts' entire life, therefore, consisted of building up the very walls that hemmed them in...

A história fala da tentativa do protagonista de escapar de volta à Terra. Ele espera ter sucesso onde tantos falharam antes dele.

men did go berserk at times—warders and prisoners alike. Some went to the exterior—a freely permitted act—quite unprotected, to die instantly in an atmosphere of pure ammoniated hydrogen at a frigid temperature of a hundred and twenty degress below zero centigrade.

    Others were smarter. They frisked itanium spacesuits and furtively escaped in them—but they were never heard of again.

John W. Campbell usou um sistema solar de prisão à beira de outra galáxia como fonte das pessoas que estavam invadindo nossa galáxia em seu romance 1961 Arcot, Wade e Morey Invasores do Infinito. A civilização humana em toda a galáxia jogou todos os seus criminosos lá. Então os criminosos desenvolveram efetivamente sua ciência para que prisioneiros e seus descendentes pudessem manter a civilização pacífica fora do sistema solar da prisão. Eles começaram a desenvolver armas de guerra para dominar outra galáxia, já que não queriam mexer com sua antiga civilização.

Mesmo tendo apenas onze anos no 1961 e lendo o que hoje é chamado de "SF clássico", sabia que a idéia era antiga na época. Lembro-me de uma série do mundo paralelo com uma linha do tempo da prisão, apesar de não saber o nome dessa série.

A idéia de prisioneiros dominando o planeta prisional e desenvolvendo sua própria ciência é um grande problema. Quem pensou que despejar todos os cientistas loucos e pessoas más com grandes habilidades organizacionais em seu próprio planeta prisional era uma boa idéia? Ninguém foi esperto o suficiente para prever esse problema futuro? Duh! facepalm

Não a mais antiga, mas boa, não mencionada, o conto do autor britânico John Wyndham, No Place Like Earth, 1951. Um sobrevivente da destruição (anterior) da Terra, enfrentando uma lenta e silenciosa prospecção de vida em Marte, é atraído para emigrar para Vênus e se tornar parte dos esforços para desenvolver o planeta para a humanidade. Quando ele chega lá, descobre que uma corporação agressiva escravizou a população indígena (Vênus), uma forma de macaco inteligente pré-homem. O planeta foi transformado em uma colônia penal utilizada para apoiar a construção e o desenvolvimento de infraestrutura para os seres humanos (leia escravidão holandesa / africana?). O personagem central recebe um chicote e uma arma como ferramentas de emprego e é alocado a uma região como 'mestre de gangue' de escravos.

Horrorizado, ele finalmente consegue efetuar sua fuga destruindo o último foguete de transporte de Vênus em seu rastro, efetivamente destruindo a corporação em sua própria prisão.

Wyndham dedicou boa parte de seus contos a temas de viagens no tempo e catástrofes ambientais (inspiradas em HGWells), embora tenha revisitado várias vezes conceitos de escravidão e isolamento. Seu romance mais famoso é, sem dúvida, o Midwich Cuckoos filmado como Children of the Damned em 1960 e 1995. Nisso, as 'crianças', filhos de intervenções alienígenas na terra, são isoladas da vila e aprisionadas na igreja depois de exibirem poderes telepáticos estranhos que ameaçam desestabilizar a estrutura de poder global. Não vou derramar o fim deste conflito por você. Vale a pena ler, um ótimo autor.